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OBJECTIVE To provide reference for the safety of drug use in children and the rational drug use management strategies by health administration departments. METHODS A self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the cognition of antibiotics and the parents ’behavior of children ’s use of antibiotics ，using online and offline questionnaires. Univariate analysis was carried out on the scores of respondents ’cognition，and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was carried out on the factors affecting parents ’behavior of children ’s use of antibiotics. RESULTS A total of 1 068 questionnaires were distributed ，and 993 valid questionnaires were recovered ，with the effective recovery rate of 93.0％. Among the respondents ，43.2％ of the parents ’ behavior of children ’s use of antibiotics in the past 6 months. The score of respondents ’cognition，high treatment cost and cumbersome treatment procedures ，easy access to antibiotics ，certain medication experience ，the recommendation of pharmacists in drug store ，the recommendation of relatives and friends and the publicity of mass media were positively correlated with parents ’ behavior of children ’s use of antibiotics （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS The rate of the parents ’in Sichuan-Chongqing area is high ， which is the result of a combination of several factors. Reducing the risk of behavior of children ’s use of antibiotics requires the joint efforts of the government ，medical institutions and the public. The parents ’cognition towards antibiotics should be improved ，and the acquisition of antibiotics should be standardized so as to reduce unreasonable use of antibiotics.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>Objective</b>To evaluate the quality of the donor semen in Chongqing Human Sperm Bank and the influence of age on semen parameters.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We collected semen samples from 899 donors in Chongqing Human Sperm Bank and divided them into five groups according to the age of the semen donors: 22－25, 26－30, 31－35, 36－40, and >40 years old. Using the Makler Counting Chamber, we measured the semen volume, percentage of progressively motile sperm (PMS), total motile sperm, sperm concentration, total sperm count per ejaculate, and percentage of morphologically normal sperm (MNS). Then, we compared the semen parameters obtained with the fifth percentile and median reference values published in the WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen-5th Ed (WHO 5th Ed) and among different age groups using the Kruskall-Wallis H test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The semen volume (1.8 ml), sperm concentration (25.0 × 10⁶/ml), total sperm count (100.7 × 106/ejaculate) and MNS (4.3%) in the semen samples of the 899 donors were obviously higher than the fifth percentile values published in the WHO 5th Ed, and so were the first three parameters (4.0 ml, 88.0 × 10⁶/ml, and 333.7 × 106/ejaculate) than the WHO median reference values. PMS (31.0%) and total motile (38.0%) were lower than the WHO fifth percentile values and so was MNS (11.6%) than the WHO median reference value. PMS (55.0%) and total motile sperm (61.0%), however, were coincident with the median reference values of WHO 5th Ed. Statistically significant differences were observed among the 22－25, 26－30, 31－35, 36－40 and >40 years old groups in perm concentration (88.0 ［1.0－270.0］ vs 96.0 ［5.0－335.0］ vs 100.0 ［3.0－200.0］ vs 105 ［15.0－225.0］ vs 90.0 ［22.0－159.0］ × 10⁶/ml, P < 0.05), but not in the semen volume, PMS, total sperm motility, total sperm count or MNS (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The donor semen in Chongqing Human Sperm Bank is generally of high quality. Sperm concentration significantly increases with age but decreases in men aged >40 years.</p>
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for ration use of TCM injection. METHODS:The utilization of TCM injections in 39 hospitals from Chongqing area during 2012-2014 was analyzed statistically in respects of consumption sum,DDDs,DDC and B/A. RESULTS:The total consumption sum of TCM injections increased slowly in 39 hospitals from Chongqing area during 2012-2014,increasing from 767 581 thousand yuan to 911 759 thousand yuan,with annual growth rate of 8.98%. Total sum of consumption sum of top 10 drugs was 1 326 019.7 thousand yuan,accounting for 51.11% of total. The consumption sum of Hong-hua injection and Shenxiong glucose injection always took up the first 2 places in those years. DDDs of Xuesaitong injection, Shenxiong glucose injection glucose,Honghua injection and Shuxuetong injection always took up the first 4 places in those years. DDC of Xuebijing injection and Kanglaite injection always took up the first and second places in those years. Among top 10 TCM injection in the list of consumption sum,most of B/A was lower than 1.00;B/A of Shuxuetong injection,Xingnaojing injection, Shenqiong glucose injection and Xueshuantong injection were close or equal to 1.00. Xuesaitong injection was the one that B/A>1.00 from beginning to end. CONCLUSIONS:Total use of TCM injection increased steadily and drug use relatively concentrated in 39 hospitals from Chongqing area during 2012-2014,and rationality of drug use by physicians had been improved gradually.